Light emitting device and method for manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

When attaching a substrate with an EL element formed thereon and a transparent sealing substrate, the periphery of a pixel portion is surrounded with a first sealing agent that maintains a gap between the two pieces of substrates, an entire surface of the pixel portion is covered with a second transparent sealing agent so that the two pieces of substrate is fixed with the first sealing agent and the second sealing agent. Consequently, the EL element can be encapsulated by curing the first sealing agent and the second sealing agent without enclosing a drying agent and doing damage to the EL element due to UV irradiation even when a sealing device only having a function of UV irradiation is used.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/707,925, filed on Dec. 7, 2012 which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/112,238, filed on May 20, 2011 (now U.S. Pat.No. 8,330,363 issued Dec. 11, 2012) which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 11/516,135, filed on Sep. 6, 2006 (now U.S. Pat.No. 7,948,175 issued May 24, 2011) which is a divisional of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/744,296, filed on Dec. 22, 2003 (now U.S. Pat.No. 7,109,655 issued Sep. 19, 2006) which are all incorporated herein byreference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a light emitting device having a lightemitting layer which includes an organic compound, and a method formanufacturing the same. The present invention further relates to anelectronic appliance mounted with the light emitting device as acomponent. The light emitting device described in the presentspecification indicates, for example, an EL display device.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In recent years, research related to a light emitting device having anEL element as a self-luminous element has been actively carried out.Particularly, a light emitting device using an organic material as an ELmaterial has been attracting attention. The light emitting device isalso referred to as an EL display device. The EL element includes alayer containing an organic compound, which generates luminescence(electroluminescence) by being applied with an electric field(hereinafter, referred to as an EL layer); an anode; and a cathode. Theluminescence generated in the layer containing the organic compoundincludes luminescence (fluorescence) that is generated upon returning ofelectrons to a ground state from excited singlet state and luminescence(phosphorescence) that is generated upon returning of electrons to aground state from excited triplet state.

The EL element has a structure in which an EL layer is sandwichedbetween a pair of electrodes. The EL layer generally has a laminationstructure. Typically, a lamination structure of “a hole transportinglayer, a light emitting layer, and an electron transporting layer” iscited. The structure provides greatly high light-emitting efficiency andhas been used in almost all light emitting devices that have beenresearched and developed now.

Alternatively, a structure composed by sequentially laminating a holeinjecting layer, a hole transporting layer, a light emitting layer, andan electron transporting layer on an anode or a structure composed bysequentially laminating a hole injecting layer, a hole transportinglayer, a light emitting layer, an electron transporting layer, and anelectron injecting layer is also applicable. Fluorescent pigments andthe like may be doped to the light emitting layer.

Either a low molecular weight material or a high molecular weightmaterial can be used for forming these layers.

In addition, the EL layer is a generic term used to refer to all layersformed between a cathode and an anode. Therefore, all of each theabove-mentioned hole injecting layer, hole transporting layer, lightemitting layer, electron transporting layer, and electron injectinglayer are included in the EL layer.

Further, a light emitting element composed of a cathode, an EL layer,and an anode is referred to as an EL element. There are two kinds forforming the EL element as follows: a system for forming an EL layerbetween two kinds of striped electrodes that run at right angles to oneanother (passive matrix system); and another system for forming an ELlayer between a pixel electrode and a counter electrode arranged inmatrix that are connected to a TFT (active matrix system). When thepixel density is increased, it has been considered that the activematrix system has an advantage over the simple matrix system since theactive matrix can be driven at lower voltage for having switches in eachpixel (or each dot).

Since the EL element is extremely and easily deteriorated by beingoxidized or absorbing moisture due to existence of oxygen or moisture,there has been a problem that the light-emitting efficiency of the ELelement is decreased or the lifetime thereof is shortened. Therefore,moisture and oxygen has been conventionally prevented from penetratinginto the EL element as follows: the EL element is covered with anopposing substrate, dry air is filled thereinto, and a drying agent isfurther attached thereto. A substrate with the EL element formed thereonand the opposing substrate are adhered to each other with a sealingagent (for example, see Patent Document 1).

A step for adhering the substrate with the EL element formed thereon andthe opposing substrate with the sealing agent is referred to as asealing or a sealing step.

Further, since an EL material is damaged by UV irradiation, there hasbeen a problem in which the light-emitting efficiency of a lightemitting element is reduced and lifetime thereof is shortened.

The EL element has conventionally included a structure in which anelectrode is formed as an anode over a substrate, an organic compoundlayer is formed on the anode, and a cathode is formed on the organiccompound layer so that light generated in the organic compound layer isemitted toward a TFT through the anode, which is a transparent electrode(hereinafter, the structure is referred to as a bottom emissionstructure).

-   [Patent Document 1]: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.    2002-352951

The EL element can be covered with the opposing substrate in theabove-mentioned bottom emission structure. However, in the case of astructure in which an electrode is formed as an anode over a substrate,a layer containing an organic compound is formed on the anode, and acathode that is a transparent electrode is formed on the layercontaining the organic compound (hereinafter, the structure is referredto as a top emission structure), an opposing substrate made from a lightshielding material cannot be used. Similarly, the same is true in thecase of a dual emission structure in which light is simultaneouslyemitted upward and downward. As compared with the bottom emissionstructure, in the top emission structure and the dual emissionstructure, the number of material layers through which light emittedfrom the layer containing the organic compound passes can be reduced,thereby suppressing stray light generation between the material layershaving different refractive indices. In the case of the bottom emissionstructure, it is necessary to pay minute attention to handling of adrying agent so as not to absorb moisture. Therefore, it has beennecessary to encapsulate the drying agent quickly. Further, in the caseof the top emission structure and the dual emission structure, when thedrying agent is arranged on a pixel portion, the drying agent hindersdisplay.

Further, the substrate with the EL element formed thereon and theopposing substrate are attached to each other with an UV-curable or aheat-curable sealing agent, wherein the EL element exists inside a spacehermetically-sealed with the sealing agent, the opposing substrate, andthe substrate. It is preferable that moisture and oxygen do not exist inthe space and do not penetrate thereinto. When oxygen and moisture existtherein, a problem in which the EL element is deteriorated has beencaused. The sealing agent is also referred to as a sealing material.

As compared with the heat-curable sealing agent, the UV-curable sealingagent is quickly cured using a device with smaller size, and thereforethe UV-curable sealing agent has advantages in mass production.Therefore, there are many sealing devices for mass production each ofwhich has only a function of UV irradiation as a function of curing thesealing agent. In the case of using such sealing devices, however, theheat-curable sealing agent cannot be used therein.

Further, since the EL element is damaged by UV irradiation and thermalshock, there has been a problem of decreasing the luminance for the ELelement and a problem of shortening its lifetime.

When sealing materials before being cured are in contact with each otherfor a long time, the sealing materials are likely to be mixed with eachother, which result in deformation. Further, since a mixed portion ofthe mixed sealing materials is not cured uniformly, the adhesivestrength is likely to be reduced.

In order to overcome the foregoing problems, it is an object of thepresent invention as disclosed in the specification is to provide alight emitting device having a structure for preventing oxygen andmoisture from penetrating into an EL element, and a method ofmanufacturing the same. Furthermore, with respect to the top-emissionstructure and the dual-emission structure in addition to thebottom-emission structure, it is an object of the present invention toencapsulate an EL element by uniformly curing all of the sealingmaterials without inserting a drying agent and damaging the EL elementdue to the UV irradiation even when a sealing device, which only has afunction of UV irradiation, is used.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the present invention disclosed in thisspecification, there is provided a light emitting device including apixel portion having a plurality of EL elements between a pair ofsubstrates, at least one of which has a light-transmitting property,wherein each of the plurality of EL elements includes: a firstelectrode; an organic compound layer on and in direct contact with thefirst electrode; and a second electrode on and in direct contact withthe organic compound layer. The light emitting device further includes:a first sealing agent surrounding the pixel portion; and a secondsealing agent formed in a region surrounded by the first sealing agentso as to cover the entire surface of the pixel portion, wherein the pairof substrates is attached to each other with the first sealing agent andsecond sealing agent. As for the first sealing agent, a sealing agentcontaining a gap material (such as a filer and a fine particle) formaintaining a gap between the pair of substrates can be used. As for thesecond sealing agent, a transparent sealing agent can be used. Lightemitted from the EL element passes through the second sealing agent andone of the pair of substrates. A transparent sealing substrate is usedas the one of the pair of substrates, and a substrate with the ELelement formed thereon is used as another one of the pair of substratesso that the top emission structure can be completed by pasting thesesubstrates to each other. In addition, light emitted from the EL elementcan transmit through another one of the pair of substrates with the ELelement formed thereon as well as the second sealing agent and the oneof the pair of substrates.

When a sealing pattern of the first sealing agent is formed in a squareshape, a circular shape, or a semicircular shape which has no airescapeway and a second sealing agent is dropped to attach two pieces ofsubstrates, air bubbles are likely to remain in corners.

Therefore, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, according to the lightemitting device as disclosed in the specification, the first sealingagent surrounding the pixel portion includes a pair of first patternsformed so as to sandwich the pixel portion and a second patternsurrounding the pixel portion and the pair of first patterns, and atleast the second sealing agent is filled between the pair of firstpatterns. For example, the pair of first patterns is two linearpatterns, and the second pattern is a square pattern in which thecorners of the second pattern may be curved. The second sealing agent isa heat-curable resin, which does not contain a gap material. After thesecond sealing agent is thermally cured, the second sealing agent has alight transmitting property. Before adhering the pair of substrates toeach other, two sides of the second pattern formed along the pair offirst patterns are slightly separated in the vicinity of each midpointof the two sides respectively as illustrated in FIG. 2A. In attachingthe pair of substrates to each other, the two disconnected sides areconnected, respectively. The corners of the second pattern are curved sothat air bubbles are not generated at the corners when attaching thepair of substrates.

Each end for the pair of first patterns is not contacted to the secondpattern, and openings are formed between each end for the pair of firstpatterns and the second pattern. The openings are formed in the vicinityof the four corners of the pixel portion or in the vicinity of the fourcorners for the second pattern. By providing the openings, when the twopieces of substrates are attached to each other with the second sealingagent, the second sealing agent is pushed out toward the openings suchthat an EL element can be encapsulated without mixing air bubbles ontothe pixel portion. It is preferable that a surface of a sealingsubstrate of the pair of substrates be smooth and superior in flatnessso that air bubbles does not mix therein.

Since the height of the second sealing agent immediately afterapplication is larger than that of the first sealing agent, when the twopieces of substrates are adhered to each other, the second sealing agentis pressed and spread so as to cover the pixel portion prior to thefirst sealing agent. At this moment, the pixel portion can be surelycovered with the second sealing agent due to the arrangement of the pairof first patterns. Further, after the second sealing agent is spread onthe entire surface of the pixel portion, the first sealing agent issubsequently spread. At this moment, gaps in the vicinity of eachmidpoint of the two sides for the second pattern formed along the pairof first pattern are filled, respectively. The second sealing agent iscompletely shielded from the outside air by the first sealing agent.Therefore, it is possible to prevent moisture and oxygen from reachinginto the EL element by both of the first sealing agent and the secondsealing agent.

After adhering the two pieces of substrates, the first sealing agent iscured first by being irradiated with UV light, and then the secondsealing agent is subsequently cured by heating. Although the secondsealing agent is heated for a long time to be cured, the second sealingagent is not mixed with the first sealing agent since the first sealingagent has been previously cured.

During the UV irradiation, the pixel portion is protected with alight-shielding mask and the like such that the pixel portion is notirradiated with UV light selectively.

When the two pieces of substrates are adhered to each other in thesealing step, a surface of the substrate is continuously andperpendicularly pressed in a direction of pressing the sealing materialsbetween the substrates until the sealing materials are completely cured.

According to the invention as disclosed in the specification, it is notnecessary to press the substrate for a long time in a heating step forcuring the second sealing agent after the first sealing agent is cured.That is, the substrate has been necessary to be pressed conventionallyuntil the sealing materials are cured in adhering the substrates in thesealing step. However, in the present invention, it is not necessary topress the substrates since the gap between the substrates is constantlymaintained after the first sealing agent has been previously cured dueto UV irradiation. Accordingly, the sealing step according to thepresent invention can be carried out in either a sealing device only fora UV-curable sealing agent or a sealing device for both the UV-curablesealing agent and a heat-curable sealing agent.

In the case of sealing an EL element for the top emission structure orthe dual emission structure, the second sealing agent is cured byheating rather than by UV irradiation. Accordingly, the pixel portion isnot damaged by the UV irradiation, and hence, the problems of decreasingluminance of the EL element and shortening lifetime thereof can besolved.

According to the invention as disclosed in the specification, in thesealing step of the top emission structure and the dual emissionstructure, the sealing agent covering the pixel portion can be curedwithout damaging the EL element due to UV irradiation even in the caseof using a sealing device that only has a function of UV irradiation. Asa result, a light emitting device with high reliability can be obtained.

Since the first sealing agent in the periphery of the pixel portion iscured at short times by being irradiated with UV light prior to thesecond sealing agent, after curing the first sealing agent, the firstsealing agent and the second sealing agent are not mixed with each othereven if they are in contact with each other for a long time. Therefore,the sealing materials are not deformed and the adhesive strength thereofis not degraded, thereby providing a light emitting device with higherreliability.

Furthermore, since the second pattern of the first sealing agent iscontinuously formed, the second pattern of the first sealing agentallows the second sealing agent to be shielded from the outside aircompletely. Consequently, it is possible to prevent moisture or oxygenfrom reaching into the EL element by both the first sealing agents andsecond sealing agent. As a result, a light emitting device with higherreliability can be obtained.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1C are diagrams explaining Embodiment Mode 1;

FIGS. 2A-2B are diagrams explaining Embodiment Mode 1;

FIGS. 3A-3C are diagrams explaining Embodiment Mode 2;

FIGS. 4A-4E are diagrams explaining Embodiment Mode 3;

FIGS. 5A-5B are diagrams showing a structure of an active matrix lightemitting device according to Embodiment 1;

FIGS. 6A-6B are diagrams explaining Embodiment 2;

FIG. 7 is a graph showing an improved light transmittance due to asecond sealing agent;

FIGS. 8A-8E are diagrams showing examples for electronic appliancesaccording to Embodiment 3; and

FIGS. 9A-9C are diagrams showing examples for electronic appliancesaccording to Embodiment 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Embodiment modes of the invention as disclosed in the specification willhereinafter be described.

[Embodiment Mode 1]

FIG. 1 is a top view of an active matrix light emitting device accordingto the present invention as disclosed in the specification.

In FIG. 1A, reference numeral 11 denotes a first substrate; 12, a secondsubstrate; 13, a pixel portion; 14, a driver circuit portion; 15, aterminal portion; each of 16 a and 16 b; a first sealing agent; and 17a, a second sealing agent.

Though the material for the first substrate 11 is not particularlylimited, the first substrate is preferably formed of a material having asame thermal expansion coefficient as that of the second substrate 12from the viewpoint of attaching to the second substrate 12. In the caseof the bottom emission structure, the first substrate 11 is formed of asubstrate having a light transmitting property such as a glasssubstrate, a quartz substrate, and a plastic substrate. In the case ofthe top emission structure, a semiconductor substrate, a metalsubstrate, and the like can be used, too. Further, in the case of thedual emission structure, each substrate is made from the material havinga light transmitting property. The pixel portion 13 comprising aplurality of EL elements, the driver circuit portion 14, and theterminal portion 15 are formed over the first substrate 11.

An example in which the first sealing agent having a first pattern 16 aand a second pattern 16 b is arranged so as to surround the pixelportion 13 and the driving circuit portion 14 is shown here. The firstsealing agent 16 a and 16 b are partly overlapped with the terminalportion 15 (or a wiring that extends from a terminal electrode). Thefirst sealing agent 16 a and 16 b contains a gap material formaintaining a gap between a pair of substrates. Since the first sealingagent contains the gap material, it is preferable that the first sealingagent 16 a and 16 b do not overlap elements (such as a TFT) so that ashort circuit is not caused when some sort of charge is applied thereto.The first sealing agent is composed of a pair of first patterns 16 a anda pair of second patterns 16 b. The pair of second patterns is formed ina square shape and surrounds the pixel portion. The corners of thesecond pattern in the square shape may be curved. The pair of firstpatterns of the first sealing agent has a linear shape and providedinside the second pattern. Openings 18 are formed in the vicinity of thefour corners of the second pattern, i.e., between edges of the pair offirst patterns and the second pattern. That is, the pair of first linearpatterns for the first sealing agent is arranged so as to sandwich thepixel portion. Further, the second pattern in the square shape, whichhas the curved corners, is arranged so as to surround the pair of firstpatterns.

At least the second sealing agent 17 a is filled between the pair offirst patterns 16 a of the first sealing agent. The pair of substratesis fixed by the first sealing agent 16 a and 16 b, which are disposed tosurround the pixel portion, and by the second sealing agent 17 a, whichcontacts the first sealing agent and covers the pixel portion.Therefore, the second sealing agent is completely shielded from theoutside air with the first sealing agent.

Since the second sealing agent 17 a is formed of a material having alight transmitting property after being cured and does not contain a gapmaterial, it has superior light transmitting property as compared withthat of the first sealing agent 16 a and 16 b. The second sealing agent17 a protrudes from the openings 18 formed between each edge of firstpattern and the second pattern.

A mechanism for the second sealing material 17 a to take on the shapeshown in FIG. 1A will be explained below referring to FIG. 2. FIG. 2Ashows an example of a top view for a sealing substrate (a secondsubstrate 22) before being attached to a first substrate. An example offorming a light emitting device having one pixel portion in a sheet ofsubstrate is shown in FIG. 2A.

The first sealing agent 26 a and 26 b are formed over the secondsubstrate 22 by using a dispenser, and then a second sealing agent 27 ahaving a lower viscosity than that of the first sealing agent is drippedbetween the first patterns for the first sealing agent. FIG. 2Acorresponds to a top view of the second substrate with the first sealingagent dripped thereon. Subsequently, the resultant second substrate isattached to a first substrate having a pixel portion 23 with an ELelement provided thereon. In the embodiment mode, a driver circuitportion 24 and a terminal portion 25 are further formed over the firstsubstrate. A top view immediately after bonding the first and secondsubstrates is shown in FIG. 2B. The viscosity of the first sealing agentis high, and therefore, the first sealing agent is hardly spread uponbonding. Alternatively, since the viscosity of the second sealing agentis low, the second sealing agent spread quickly and planarly uponbonding, as shown in FIG. 2B.

The second sealing agent is pushed out in the directions of arrows a inFIG. 2B from openings 28 provided between each edge of the firstpatterns 26 a and the second patterns for the first sealing agent.Accordingly, it is possible to prevent air bubbles from being generatedin a region where is filled with the second sealing agent. The firstsealing agent 26 a and 26 b is not mixed with the second sealing agent27 b immediately, even when they are in contact with each other. Thefirst sealing agent 26 a and 26 b comprise a higher viscosity such thatthe position at which it is formed is not changed due to the secondsealing agent 27 b unless the first sealing agent 26 a and 26 b is mixedwith the second sealing agent 27 b.

The second sealing agent 27 b protrudes from the openings 28 in FIG. 2B,and the circumference of the protruding second sealing agent 27 b iscurved. When the first and second substrates are adhered to each other,disconnected portions of the second patterns for the first sealing agentare spread in the directions of arrows β (FIG. 2B) so as to be connectedto each other completely. Therefore, the second sealing agent 27 b iscompletely shielded from the outside air, thereby blocking oxygen ormoisture. In addition, since the total adhesion area is increased, thebonding strength is further improved. Although an example of bonding thesubstrates after forming the first sealing agent or the second sealingagent over the second substrate 22 is shown here, the present inventionis not particularly limited thereto. Alternatively, the first sealingagent or the second sealing agent may be formed over the first substratewith elements formed thereon.

The first sealing agent 26 a and 26 b are then cured by performing UVirradiation. Upon irradiating UV light, the pixel portion is protectedfrom the UV irradiation by using a light shielding mask and the like. Inthe present embodiment mode, a Cr film formed over a quartz glass isused as the light shielding mask. Thereafter, the second sealing agent27 is cured by heating. The heating temperature is set so as not todamage the EL element. Concretely, it is preferable that the heatingtemperature be set in a range of 60° C. to 100° C. Further, the heatingtemperature is preferably set to 1 hour to 3 hours.

Subsequently, the second substrate 22 is partly separated. A line 29denoted by a chained line in FIG. 2B indicates a substrate cutting line.When the second substrate is partly separated, the cutting line may bedetermined parallel along the second pattern 26 b of the first sealingagent that is formed over the terminal portion 25.

In accordance with the above-mentioned procedures, the shape of thesecond sealing agent 17 a as illustrated in FIG. 1A can be obtained.

Although the example in which the second sealing agent 17 a protrudesfrom the openings 18 is shown in FIG. 1A, the shape of the secondsealing agent 17 a may be changed variously by varying the viscosity,amount, or material of the second sealing agent, arbitrarily. Also, theshape of the second sealing agent can be changed variously by adjustingthe time, velocity, pressure, and the like of pressing the substrates.

As shown in FIG. 1B, for example, the second sealing agent 17 b does notprotrude from the openings, and the circumference of the second sealingagent is curved in an arc to fill the gaps of the first sealing agent.Further, as illustrated in FIG. 1C, the circumference of the secondsealing agent 17 c may be curved, dented from the openings.

Furthermore, the first patterns for the first sealing agent are notlimited to the linear shape as long as they are arranged symmetrically,sandwiching the pixel portion therebetween. The laterally-located secondpattern of the first sealing agent is not limited to the square shape aslong as the second pattern is not disconnected at the time of bondingthe pair of substrates. For instance, the shape of the first sealingagent may be slightly curved so as to spread the second sealing agenthaving lower viscosity easily upon bonding the pair of substrates.

[Embodiment Mode 2]

A part of the cross sectional structure of a pixel portion according tothe present invention as disclosed in the specification will hereinafterbe described with reference to FIG. 3A.

In FIG. 3A, reference numeral 300 denotes a first substrate; each of 301a and 301 b, an insulating layer; 302, a TFT; 308, a first electrode;309, an insulator; 310, an EL layer; 311, a second electrode; 312, atransparent protective layer; 313, a second sealing agent; and 314, asecond substrate.

The TFT (a p-channel TFT) 302 formed over the first substrate 300 is anelement for controlling the electric current flowing through the ELlayer 310 that emits light. Reference numeral 304 denotes a drain region(or a source region). Reference numeral 306 denotes a drain electrode(or a source electrode) for connecting the first electrode and the drainregion (or the source region). Further, a wiring 307 such as a powersupply line and a source wiring is formed simultaneously with the drainelectrode 306 through the same process. Although an example of formingthe first electrode and the drain electrode separately is shown here,they may also be formed at the same time. An insulating layer 301 a,which will serve as a base insulating film (including a nitrideinsulating film as a lower layer and an oxide insulating film as anupper layer here) is formed over the substrate 300. A gate insulatingfilm is formed between a gate electrode 305 and an active layer.Reference numeral 301 b denotes an interlayer insulating film made froman organic material or an inorganic material. Further, although notillustrated in the drawing, one or a plurality of TFTs (n-channel TFTsor p-channel TFTs) is additionally provided in one pixel. Furthermore,although the TFT having one channel formation region 303 is shown here,the present invention is not particularly limited thereto, and a TFThaving a plurality of channel formation regions may also used.

Reference numeral 308 denotes the first electrode, i.e., an anode (or acathode) of an OLED. As a material for the first electrode 308, a filmof an element selected from Ti, TiN, TiSi_(x)N_(y), Ni, W, WSi_(x),WN_(x), WSi_(x)N_(y), NbN, Mo, Cr, Pt, Zn, Sn, In, and Mo, or a film ofan alloy material or a chemical compound material including theabove-mentioned elements as its principal constituent, or a laminationfilm of such films may be used with a total film thickness in a range of100 nm to 800 nm. A titanium nitride film is used as the first electrode308 here. When the first electrode 308 is made from the titanium nitridefilm, it is preferable that the work function be increased by performingUV irradiation or a plasma treatment using chlorine gas on the surfaceof the titanium nitride film.

The insulator 309 (also referred to as a bank, a partition wall, abarrier, an embankment etc.) is formed so as to cover edges of the firstelectrode 308 (and wirings 307). The insulator 309 may be formed ofinorganic materials (such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and siliconoxynitride); photosensitive or nonphotosensitive organic materials (suchas polyimide, acrylic, polyamide, polyimide amide, resist, andbenzocyclobutene); laminations of these substances; and the like. Aphotosensitive organic resin covered with a silicon nitride film is usedhere. When a positive photosensitive acrylic is used as the organicresin material, for example, it is preferable that only an upper edge ofthe insulator be curved to have a radius of curvature. In addition, theinsulator may also formed of either negative photosensitive organicmaterials which become insoluble in etchants by being irradiated withlight, or positive photosensitive organic materials which become solublein etchants by being irradiated with light.

A layer 310 containing an organic compound is formed by vapor depositionor application. In order to improve the reliability, it is preferable toperform a vacuum heat treatment prior to forming the layer 310containing the organic compound so as to carry out degasification. Forexample, in the case of using the vapor deposition technique, vapordeposition is carried out in the film formation chamber, which has beenvacuum evacuated to a pressure equal to or less than 5×10⁻² Torr (0.665Pa), more preferably, to a pressure between 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁶ Pa. The organiccompound evaporates in advance with resistive heating, and is dispersedtoward the substrate by opening a shutter at the time of vapordeposition. The evaporating organic compound is dispersed upward, and isvapor deposited over the substrate through an opening portion providedin a metal mask.

For example, white light emission can be obtained by sequentiallylaminating Alq₃, Alq₃ partially doped with Nile red that is a red colorlight emitting pigment, Alq₃, p-EtTAZ, and TPD (aromatic diamine) byvapor deposition.

Further, when the layer containing the organic compound is formed byapplication using spin coating, it is preferable to bake the layer byusing the vacuum heating treatment after its application. For example,an aqueous solution of poly-(ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly-(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT/PSS), which functions as a hole injecting layer,may be applied over the entire surface of the substrate and baked. Then,a solution of polyvinyl carbazole (PVK) doped with a pigment forluminescence center (such as 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene (TPB),4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylamino-styryl)-4H-pyran (DCM1),Nile red, and coumarin 6), which serves as a light-emitting layer, maythen be applied over the entire surface and baked. Note that water isused as the solvent for PEDOT/PSS, which is insoluble in an organicsolvent. Consequently, there is in no danger of being dissolved again inthe case where PVK is applied thereupon. Further, the solvents used forPEDOT/PSS and PVK are different from each other, and therefore it ispreferable that one film formation chamber be not used for bothmaterials.

The layer 310 containing an organic compound may be formed to have asingle layer. In this case, 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative (PBD) which haselectron transporting properties may be dispersed in polyvinyl carbazole(PVK) which has hole transporting properties. In addition, white lightemission can also be obtained by dispersing 30 wt % of PBD as anelectron transporting agent and dispersing a suitable amount of fourkinds of pigments (TPB, coumarin 6, DCM1, and Nile red).

Reference numeral 311 denotes a second electrode made from a conductivefilm, i.e., a cathode (or an anode) of the OLED. As a material for thesecond electrode 311, an alloy such as MgAg, MgIn, AlLi, CaF₂, and CaN,or a film having a light transmitting property formed by co-depositingaluminum and an element belonging to group 1 or group 2 of the periodictable may be used. The top emission structure that emits light throughthe second electrode is manufactured here, and therefore, the secondelectrode is formed of an aluminum film with a thickness of 1 to 10 nmor an aluminum film containing minute amounts of Li.

When a structure using an Al film is employed as the second electrode311, a material being in contact with the layer 310 containing theorganic compound can be formed of a material other than an oxide,thereby improving the reliability of the light emitting device.Alternatively, a layer having a light transmitting property (with athickness of 1 to 5 nm) made from CaF₂, MgF₂, or BaF₂ may be formed as acathode buffer layer prior to forming the aluminum film with a thicknessof 1 to 10 nm.

Further, in order to reduce the resistivity of the cathode, an auxiliaryelectrode may be formed over the second electrode 311 in a region wheredoes not become a light emitting region. The cathode may be formedselectively by vapor deposition with resistive heating, and using anevaporation mask upon cathode formation.

Reference numeral 312 denotes the transparent protective layer formed byvapor deposition to protect the second electrode 311 made from a thinmetal film. The transparent protective layer 312 is further covered withthe second sealing agent 313. Since the second electrode 311 is composedof the extremely thin metal film, when the second electrode is exposedto oxygen, it is easily oxidized etc. There is a possibility that thesecond electrode 311 will react with a solvent contained in the sealingagent and the like, changing its properties.

Therefore, the second electrode 311 made from the thin metal film iscovered with the transparent protective film 312, for example, CaF₂,MgF₂, or BaF₂, so as to prevent the second electrode from being reactedwith components such as a solvent contained in the second sealing agent313. In addition, oxygen or moisture can be blocked efficiently withoutusing a drying agent. Further, CaF₂, MgF₂, or BaF₂ can be formed byvapor deposition. Therefore, the cathode and the transparent conductivefilm can be successively formed by vapor deposition so as to preventimpurities from intruding thereinto or prevent the surface of the secondelectrode from being exposed to the outside air. In addition, when thevapor deposition is employed, the transparent protective layer 312 canbe formed without causing major damage to the layer containing theorganic compound. Note that, the second electrode 311 may further beprotected by forming layers having light transmitting properties thatare made from CaF₂, MgF₂, or BaF₂ on and under the second electrode soas to sandwich the second electrode therebetween.

Further, a region between the first electrode and the second electrodecan be maintained in an oxygen free state with an oxygen concentrationas close to zero as possible by using structures as follows. The firstelectrode is formed of a metal (a high work function material) includingno oxygen atoms itself such as a titanium nitride film, the secondelectrode is formed of a metal (a low work function material) includingno oxygen atoms itself such as a thin aluminum film, and the secondelectrode is covered with CaF₂, MgF₂, or BaF₂.

The first substrate 300 and the second substrate 314 are adhered to eachother with the second sealing agent 313 in the same manner as EmbodimentMode 1. As for the second sealing agent 313, a heat curable resin, whichwill have a light transmitting property after being cured, may beemployed. A highly heat-resisting heat curable epoxy resin including thespecific gravity of 1.17 (25° C.); the viscosity of 9000 mPa·s; thetensile shear strength of 15 N/mm²; and a Tg (glass transitiontemperature) of 74° C. is used here. Further, the overall lighttransmittance can be improved by filling the second sealing agent 313between the pair of substrates.

The light transmittances were found in the following cases respectively:when a space between the pair of glass substrates is filled with thesecond sealing agent; and when the space between the pair of glasssubstrates is filled with a nitrogen gas. FIG. 7 shows a graph in whichthe light transmittances of the former case are denoted by a solid lineand the light transmittances of the latter case are denoted by a dottedline. As shown in FIG. 7, the light transmittances in the case offilling the second sealing agent between the pair of glass substratesexhibit equal to or grater than 85% in the visible light region. In FIG.7, a longitudinal axis indicates the light transmittance whereas ahorizontal axis indicates the light wavelength.

FIG. 3B is a diagram of a simplified lamination structure in a lightemitting region. Light is emitted in a direction denoted by an arrow inFIG. 3B. In each FIG. 3B and FIG. 3C, the insulating layer 301 a andinsulating layer 301 b are collectively denoted as an insulating layer301.

When a first electrode 318 formed of a transparent conductive film isused as illustrated in FIG. 3C in place of the first electrode 308 madefrom the metal layer, light can be emitted through both the top surfaceand the bottom surface. As for the transparent conductive film, ITO(indium oxide-tin oxide alloy), indium oxide-zinc oxide alloy(In₂O₃—ZnO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and the like may be used. The transparentconductive film may be formed by sputtering using a target of ITO mixedwith silicon oxide. The present embodiment mode can be freely combinedwith Embodiment Mode 1.

[Embodiment Mode 3]

FIG. 4 shows a case of forming a plurality of pixel portions on onesubstrate, that is, an example of multiple patterns. An example offorming four panels on one substrate is shown here.

As illustrated in FIG. 4A, a first sealing agent having first patterns32 a and second patterns 32 b is formed in predetermined positions overa second substrate 31 under an inert gas atmosphere by using a dispenserapparatus. As for the first translucent sealing agent 32 a and 32 b, amaterial including filler (6 μm to 24 μm in diameter) with the viscosityof 370 Pa·s is used. Since the first sealing agent 32 a and 32 b aresimple sealing patterns, they can also be formed by the printingtechnique.

As depicted in FIG. 4B, a second sealing agent 33, which will have alight transmitting property after being cured, is dropped into eachregion surrounded by the first patterns 32 a and second patterns 32 b ofthe first sealing agent (note that, openings are formed between theedges of the first patterns and second patterns). A highlyheat-resisting heat curable epoxy resin having the specific gravity of1.17 (25° C.); the viscosity of 9000 mPa·s; the tensile shear strengthof 15 N/mm²; and a Tg (glass transition temperature) of 74° C. is usedhere.

Subsequently, as illustrated in FIG. 4C, a first substrate with fourpixel portions 34 formed thereon and the second substrate with thesealing agents formed thereon are attached to each other. It ispreferable that degasification be performed by annealing in vacuumimmediately before attaching the pair of substrates. The second sealingagent 33 is spread out so as to form the shapes as depicted in FIG. 1A,FIG. 1B, or FIG. 1C, and filled between the first sealing agent 32 a and32 b. Depending upon the shapes and arrangement of the first patterns 32a and second patterns 32 b of the first sealing agent, the secondsealing agent 33 can be made to fill therebetween without introductionof air bubbles.

The first sealing agent 32 a and 32 b are cured by being irradiated withUV light. Upon irradiating the UV light, each pixel region isselectively protected from the UV light using a light shielding plateetc. Thereafter, the second sealing agent 33 is cured by heating. Atthis moment, the heating temperature is set so that EL elements are notdamaged. Concretely, it is preferable that the heating temperature beset in the range of from 60° C. to 100° C. Preferably, the heatingtreatment is carried out for 1 to 3 hours.

Next, scribe lines 35 depicted in chained lines are formed by using ascriber apparatus as shown in FIG. 4D. The scribe lines 35 may be formedalong the second patterns of the first sealing agent.

The first and second substrates are divided using a breaker apparatus.Four panels can thus be manufactured from the pair of substrates asdepicted in FIG. 4E.

Further, this embodiment mode can be freely combined with EmbodimentMode 1 or Embodiment Mode 2.

The present invention as disclosed in the specification including theabove structures will be described in more detail in embodiments below.

[Embodiment 1]

An example of a light-emitting device comprising an EL element that usesa layer containing an organic compound as a light emitting layer will bedescribed in the present embodiment with reference to FIG. 5.

FIG. 5A is a top view of the light-emitting device and FIG. 5B is across-sectional view taken along a line A-A′ of FIG. 5A. Referencenumeral 1101 denoted by a doted line is a source signal line drivercircuit; 1102, a pixel portion; and 1103, a gate signal line drivercircuit. Further, reference numeral 1104 denotes a sealing substrate andreference numeral 1105 denotes a first sealing agent. Inside surroundedby the first sealing agent 1105 is filled with a second transparentsealing agent 1107. Note that, the second sealing agent 1107 protrudesat four corners on a pixel region.

Reference numeral 1108 is a wiring for transmitting signals inputted tothe source signal driver circuit 1101 and the gate signal line drivercircuit 1103, and receives a video signal and a clock signal from a FPC(flexible printed circuit) 1109 that becomes an external input terminal.Though only the FPC is shown here, a print wiring board (PWB) may beattached to the FPC. A light emitting device in this specificationincludes not only a light emitting device body but also a light emittingdevice attached with the FPC or the PWB.

Next, a cross sectional structure will be described referring to FIG.5B. A driver circuit and a pixel portion are formed over the substrate1110. Here, the source signal line driver circuit 1101 as a drivercircuit and the pixel portion 1102 are shown.

A CMOS circuit composed by combining an n-channel TFT 1123 and ap-channel TFT 1124 is formed as the source signal line driver circuit1101. The TFT forming the driver circuit may be formed of a known CMOScircuit, PMOS circuit, or NMOS circuit. This embodiment shows a built-indriver in which a driver circuit is formed over the substrate, but notnecessarily limited thereto. The driver circuit can be formed not overthe substrate but at an exterior portion thereof.

The pixel portion 1102 is composed of a plurality of pixels including aswitching TFT 1111, a current controlling TFT 1112, and a firstelectrode (anode) 1113, which is electrically connected to a drain ofthe current controlling TFT 1112.

Since the first electrode 1113 is directly contacted to the drain of theTFT, the bottom layer of the first electrode 1113 is preferably formedof a material layer that can have an ohmic contact with the drain madefrom silicon. The surface of the first electrode 1113, which is incontact with a layer containing an organic compound, is preferably amaterial layer that has a high work function. When the first electrode1113 is composed of a three-layered structure, for example, including atitanium nitride film, an aluminum-based film, and a titanium nitridefilm, the first electrode can be reduced in resistivity as a wiring, begood ohmic contact to the drain, and function as an anode. In addition,the first electrode 1113 can be formed either of a single layer of atitanium nitride film or a lamination structure of three or more layers.

An insulator (referred to as a bank, a partition wall, a barrier, anembankment, etc.) 1114 is formed on each end of the first electrode(anode) 1113. The insulator 1114 may be made from an organic resin filmor an insulating film containing silicon. Here, a positivephotosensitive acrylic resin film is used to form the insulator 1114having a shape as illustrated in FIG. 5B. The insulator 1114 may becovered with a protective film made from an aluminum nitride film, analuminum nitride oxide film, or a silicon nitride film. The protectivefilm is an insulating film including silicon nitride or silicon nitrideoxide as its principal constituent that is obtained by sputtering (suchas DC sputtering or RF sputtering); or a thin film including carbon asits principal constituent. When a silicon target is used for forming theprotective film under an atmosphere containing nitrogen and argon, asilicon nitride film can be obtained. Alternatively, a silicon nitridetarget may be used. The protective film may be formed by using a filmformation device using remote plasma. It is preferable that thethickness of the protective film be formed to be as thin as possiblesuch that light can pass therethrough.

A layer 1115 containing an organic compound is selectively formed on thefirst electrode (anode) 1113 by vapor deposition using an evaporationmask or by ink-jetting. Further, a second electrode (cathode) 1116 isformed on the layer 1115 containing the organic compound. Therefore, anEL element 1118 including the first electrode (anode) 1113, the layer1115 containing the organic compound, and the second electrode (cathode)1116 can be formed. The embodiment shows an example in which the lightemitting element 1118 emits white light, and therefore a color filterformed of a coloring layer 1131 and a BM (light shielding layer) 1132(an over coat layer is not shown here for the sake of simplification) isprovided. Reference numeral 1117 denotes a transparent protective layer.

When layers containing the organic compound, which can exhibit R, G andB luminescence respectively, are formed selectively, full color displaycan be realized without using a color filter.

In order to encapsulate the EL element 1118 formed over the substrate1110, the sealing substrate 1104 is attached to the substrate 1110 withthe first sealing agent 1105 and the second sealing agent 1107. An epoxyresin is preferably used for the first sealing agent 1105 and the secondsealing agent 1107. It is desirable that the first sealing agent 1105and the second sealing agent 1107 be formed of materials, which do nottransmit moisture and oxygen as much as possible.

In this embodiment, a plastic substrate made from FRP(fiberglass-reinforced plastics), PVF (polyvinylfluoride), Mylar,polyester, acrylic, and the like can be used as the sealing substrate1104, besides a glass substrate and a quartz substrate. After thesealing substrate 1104 is adhered to the substrate 1110 with the firstsealing agent 1105 and the second sealing agent 1107, a third sealingagent can be used for sealing to cover the side surfaces (exposedsurfaces).

As set forth above, by encapsulating with the first sealing agent 1105and the second sealing agent 1107, the EL element can be completelyshielded from the outside, thereby preventing substances that promotesdeterioration of the layer containing the organic compound such asmoisture and oxygen from penetrating into the EL element. Therefore, thelight emitting device with high reliability can be obtained. The presentembodiment can be freely combined with any one of Embodiment Modes 1 to3.

[Embodiment 2]

In this embodiment, examples having different cross sectional structurefrom that of Embodiment Mode 2 will be shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6A,reference numeral 700 denotes a first substrate; each of 701 a and 701b, an insulating layer; 702, a TFT; 709, an insulator; 710, an EL layer;711, a second electrode; 712, a transparent protective layer; 713, asecond sealing agent; and 714, a second substrate.

The TFT 702 (p-channel TFT) formed over the first substrate 700 is anelement for controlling the electric current that flows through the ELlayer 710 to emit light. Reference numeral 704 denotes a drain region(or a source region). Reference numeral 705 denotes a gate electrode.Though not shown in the drawings, one or a plurality of TFTs (n-channelTFTs or p-channel TFTs) is additionally provided for each pixel.Further, a TFT having one channel formation region 703 is illustratedhere, but the present invention does not particularly limited thereto,and the TFT may have plural channels.

FIG. 6A shows a structure formed as follows. First electrodes 708 a to708 c made by laminating metal layers are formed, and an insulator 709(also referred to as a bank, partition wall, and the like) for coveringeach end of the first electrode is formed. Etching is performed in aself-aligning manner using the insulator 709 as a mask, and then, a part(a center portion) of each first electrode is etched thinly to formsteps therein in addition to etching a part of the insulator. By thisetching, the center portion of the first electrode is made thin andflat, and each end of the first electrode covered with the insulator ismade thick. That is, the first electrode has a concave shape. Then, thelayer 710 containing the organic compound and the second electrode 711are formed over the first electrode to complete the EL element.

The structure as depicted in FIG. 6A is the one for increasing an amountof emitted light that is extracted in a certain direction (in thedirection passing through the second electrode) by reflecting orcondensing light emitted in the lateral direction in a slope formed inthe steps of the first electrode.

Thus, the metal layer 708 b having a slope is preferably made from ametal that reflects light, for example, a material including aluminum orsilver as its main constituent. The metal layer 708 a being in contactwith the layer 710 containing the organic compound is preferably formedof an anode material having a high work function or a cathode materialhaving a small work function. At the same time, since a wiring 707 suchas a power supply line and a source wiring is formed, it is preferablethat a low resistive material be selected for the metal layer 708 a.

The angle of gradient (also referred to as a taper angle) in the slopetoward the center portion of the first electrode is preferably set tomore than 50° and less than 60°, more preferably, 54.7°. It is necessaryto set the angle of gradient, a material and thickness of the organiccompound layer, or a material and thickness of the second electrodeappropriately so that light reflected by the slope of the firstelectrode is not dispersed or strayed between layers.

In this embodiment, reference numeral 708 a is formed of a laminationlayer of a titanium film (60 nm thick) and a titanium nitride film (100nm thick); reference numeral 708 b is formed of an aluminum film (350 nmthick) containing trace amounts of Ti; and reference numeral 708 c isformed of a titanium film (100 nm thick). Reference numeral 708 cprotects reference numeral 708 b so as to prevent the aluminum film frombeing caused hillock or changed its properties. Alternatively, referencenumeral 708 c may be formed of a titanium nitride film so as to have alight shielding property and prevent reflection of light at the aluminumfilm. The titanium film is used for the bottom layer of the laminationlayer 708 a so as to have a good ohmic contact with the drain region (orsource region) 704 composed of silicon. However, the present inventionis not particularly limited thereto, and the bottom layer of thelamination layer 708 a may be formed of other metal film. Alternatively,reference numeral 708 a can be formed of a single layer of a titaniumnitride film.

It is necessary to carry out an UV irradiation treatment or a plasmatreatment such that the titanium nitride film is used as an anode inthis embodiment. Since the surface of the titanium nitride film issubjected to the plasma treatment simultaneously with the etchingtreatment of reference numerals 708 b and 708 c, the titanium nitridefilm can obtain a sufficient work function as the anode.

As the other anode materials as substitute for the titanium nitridefilm, it is possible to use a film of an element selected from the groupconsisting of Ni, W, WSi_(x), WN_(x), WSi_(x)N_(y), NbN, Mo, Cr, Pt, Zn,Sn, In, and Mo; a film composed of an alloy material or a compoundmaterial including the above-mentioned elements as its principalconstituent; or a lamination layer of such films in the total filmthickness of 100 nm to 800 nm.

In the structure shown in FIG. 6A, since etching is performed in aself-aligning manner using the insulator 709 as a mask, the number ofmasks is not increased any more. Thus, a top emission light emittingdevice can be manufactured with a small number of masks and steps intotal.

FIG. 6B shows a different structure from that of FIG. 6A. In thestructure shown in FIG. 6B, an insulating layer 801 c is used as aninterlayer insulating film, and the first electrode and the drainelectrode (or the source electrode) are provided for different layers,respectively. Consequently, the light-emitting area can be enlarged,although the number of masks increases.

In FIG. 6B, reference numeral 800 denotes a first substrate; referencenumerals 801 a, 801 b, and 801 c are insulating layers; referencenumeral 802 denotes a TFT (a p-channel TFT); 803, a channel formationregion; 804, a drain region (or a source region); 805, a gate electrode;806, a drain electrode (or a source electrode); 807, a wiring; 808, afirst electrode; 809, an insulator; 810, an EL layer; 811, a secondelectrode; 812, a transparent protective layer; 813, a second sealingagent; and 814, a second substrate.

When a transparent conductive film is used for the first electrode 808,a dual-emission light emitting device can be manufactured.

This embodiment can be freely combined with any one of Embodiment Modes1 to 3, and Embodiment 1.

[Embodiment 3]

According to the present invention, all electronic appliancesincorporating modules each of which includes a layer containing anorganic compound (such as an active matrix EL module and a passivematrix EL module) can be completed.

Examples for the electronic appliances typically include a video camera;a digital camera; a head mounted display (a goggle type display); a carnavigation system; a projector; a car stereo; a personal computer; aportable information terminal (such as a mobile computer, a cellularphone, and an electronic book); and the like. Practical examples thereofare shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9.

FIG. 8A is a personal computer including a main body 2001; an imageinput portion 2002; a display portion 2003; a keyboard 2004; and thelike.

FIG. 8B is a video camera including a main body 2101; a display portion2102; an audio input portion 2103; operation switches 2104; a buttery2105; an image receiving portion 2106; and the like.

FIG. 8C is a mobile computer including a main body 2201; a cameraportion 2202; an image receiving portion 2203; an operation switch 2204;a display portion 2205; and the like.

FIG. 8D is a player using a recording medium that records a program(hereinafter referred to as a recording medium), including a main body2401; a display portion 2402; a speaker portion 2403; a recording medium2404; operation switches 2405; and the like. The player can be used formusic appreciation, film appreciation, games, and Internet by using aDVD (digital versatile disc), a CD, and the like.

FIG. 8E is a digital camera including a main body 2501; a displayportion 2502; a view finder 2503; operation switches 2504; an imagereceiving portion (not shown); and the like.

FIG. 9A is a cellular phone including a main body 2901; an audio outputportion 2902; an audio input portion 2903; a display portion 2904;operation switches 2905; an antenna 2906; an image input portion (suchas a CCD and an image sensor) 2907; and the like.

FIG. 9B is a portable book (an electronic book) including a main body3001; display portions 3002 and 3003; an recording medium 3004;operation switches 3005; an antenna 3006; and the like.

FIG. 9C is a display including a main body 3101; a supporting base 3102;a display portion 3103; and the like.

Note that, the display as illustrated in FIG. 9C is a small and mediumsized or large sized display, for example, having a 5 to 20 inch screen.For the sake of manufacturing a display portion with such sizes, it ispreferable to mass-produce by multiple pattern by using a substrate withone meter on a side.

As set forth above, the application range of the present invention asdisclosed in the specification is extremely large, and can be applied tomethod of manufacturing electronic appliances in various fields. Theelectronic appliances in the embodiment can be achieved by utilizing anycombination of Embodiment Modes 1 to 3, and Embodiments 1 and 2.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A display device comprising: a firstsubstrate having a pixel portion, the pixel portion comprising atransistor; a first electrode including a first layer comprisingtitanium and a second layer comprising aluminum over the first layer,the first electrode having a first region electrically connected to thetransistor, a second region adjacent to the first region, and a thirdregion adjacent to the second region, wherein the second region islocated between the first region and the third region, and a thicknessof the second region is smaller than thicknesses of the first region andthe third region; an insulating layer on the first region and the thirdregion of the first electrode, edges of the insulating layer alignedwith edges of the first region and the third region; a light emittinglayer on and in contact with the second region of the first electrodeand the insulating layer; a second electrode on the light emittinglayer; a second substrate over the first substrate and the secondelectrode; a first sealing agent between the first substrate and thesecond substrate, a pattern shape of the first sealing agent having aquadrilateral shape along sides of the second substrate and having atleast one opening; and a second sealing agent between the firstsubstrate and the second substrate, the second sealing agent beingprovided on the inside of the first sealing agent and covering the pixelportion, wherein the opening of the first sealing agent is filled withthe second sealing agent.
 2. The display device according to claim 1,wherein each of the first region and the third region of the firstelectrode includes at least the first layer and the second layer, andwherein the second region of the first electrode includes the firstlayer.
 3. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the firstsealing agent includes a gap material maintaining a gap between thefirst substrate and the second substrate.
 4. The display deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the first sealing agent comprises an UVcurable epoxy resin.
 5. The display device according to claim 1, whereinthe second sealing agent has a light transmitting property.
 6. Thedisplay device according to claim 1, wherein the second sealing agentcomprises a heat curable epoxy resin.
 7. A display module comprising thedisplay device according claim 1, further comprising a driver circuitportion and a terminal portion over the first substrate.
 8. Anelectronic appliance including the display device according claim 1,wherein the electronic appliance is selected from the group consistingof a video camera, a digital camera, a head mounted display, a goggletype display, a car navigation system, a projector, a car stereo, apersonal computer, a portable information terminal, a mobile computer, acellular phone, and an electronic book.
 9. A display device comprising:a first substrate having a pixel portion, the pixel portion comprising atransistor; a first electrode including a first layer comprisingtitanium and a second layer comprising aluminum over the first layer,the first electrode having a first region electrically connected to thetransistor, a second region adjacent to the first region, and a thirdregion adjacent to the second region, wherein the second region islocated between the first region and the third region, and a thicknessof the second region is smaller than thicknesses of the first region andthe third region; an insulating layer on the first region and the thirdregion of the first electrode, edges of the insulating layer alignedwith edges of the first region and the third region; a light emittinglayer on and in contact with the second region of the first electrodeand the insulating layer; a second electrode on the light emittinglayer; a second substrate over the first substrate and the secondelectrode; a first sealing agent between the first substrate and thesecond substrate, a pattern shape of the first sealing agent having aquadrilateral shape along sides of the second substrate and having atleast one opening; a second sealing agent between the first substrateand the second substrate, the second sealing agent being provided on theinside of the first sealing agent and covering the pixel portion; and aterminal portion over the first substrate, the terminal portion providedthe outside of the first sealing agent and directly connected to aflexible printed circuit, wherein the opening of the first sealing agentis filled with the second sealing agent.
 10. The display deviceaccording to claim 9, wherein each of the first region and the thirdregion of the first electrode includes at least the first layer and thesecond layer, and wherein the second region of the first electrodeincludes the first layer.
 11. The display device according to claim 9,wherein the first sealing agent includes a gap material maintaining agap between the first substrate and the second substrate.
 12. Thedisplay device according to claim 9, wherein the first sealing agentcomprises an UV curable epoxy resin.
 13. The display device according toclaim 9, wherein the second sealing agent has a light transmittingproperty.
 14. The display device according to claim 9, wherein thesecond sealing agent comprises a heat curable epoxy resin.
 15. A displaymodule comprising the display device according claim 9, furthercomprising a driver circuit portion inside the first sealing agent overthe first substrate.
 16. An electronic appliance including the displaydevice according claim 9, wherein the electronic appliance is selectedfrom the group consisting of a video camera, a digital camera, a headmounted display, a goggle type display, a car navigation system, aprojector, a car stereo, a personal computer, a portable informationterminal, a mobile computer, a cellular phone, and an electronic book.17. A display device comprising: a first substrate having a pixelportion, the pixel portion comprising a transistor; a first electrodeincluding a first layer and a second layer over the first layer, thefirst electrode having a first region electrically connected to thetransistor, a second region adjacent to the first region, and a thirdregion adjacent to the second region, wherein the second region islocated between the first region and the third region, and a thicknessof the second region is smaller than thicknesses of the first region andthe third region; an insulating layer on the first region and the thirdregion of the first electrode, edges of the insulating layer alignedwith edges of the first region and the third region; a light emittinglayer on and in contact with the second region of the first electrodeand the insulating layer; a second electrode on the light emittinglayer; a second substrate over the first substrate and the secondelectrode; a first sealing agent between the first substrate and thesecond substrate, a pattern shape of the first sealing agent having aquadrilateral shape along sides of the second substrate and having atleast one opening; and a second sealing agent between the firstsubstrate and the second substrate, the second sealing agent beingprovided on the inside of the first sealing agent and covering the pixelportion, wherein the edges of the first region and the third region havetaper angles, and wherein the opening of the first sealing agent isfilled with the second sealing agent.
 18. The display device accordingto claim 17, wherein the first layer comprises titanium and the secondlayer comprises aluminum.
 19. The display device according to claim 17,wherein each of the first region and the third region of the firstelectrode includes at least the first layer and the second layer, andwherein the second region of the first electrode includes the firstlayer.
 20. The display device according to claim 17, wherein the firstsealing agent includes a gap material maintaining a gap between thefirst substrate and the second substrate.
 21. The display deviceaccording to claim 17, wherein the first sealing agent comprises an UVcurable epoxy resin.
 22. The display device according to claim 17,wherein the second sealing agent comprises a heat curable epoxy resin.23. A display module comprising the display device according claim 17,further comprising a driver circuit portion and a terminal portion overthe first substrate.
 24. An electronic appliance including the displaydevice according claim 17, wherein the electronic appliance is selectedfrom the group consisting of a video camera, a digital camera, a headmounted display, a goggle type display, a car navigation system, aprojector, a car stereo, a personal computer, a portable informationterminal, a mobile computer, a cellular phone, and an electronic book.